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Sozialunternehmen sind langfristige Förderer von integrativem Wachstum und der Demokratisierung von wirtschaftlichen und gesellschaftlichen Bereichen. Zudem haben sie sich unter schwierigen wirtschaftlichen Bedingungen als robust erwiesen. Zur gleichen Zeit gehen Sozialunternehmen sozioökonomische Herausforderungen bewusst auf innovative Art und Weise an, während sie Menschen die Wiedereingliederung in den Arbeitsmarkt ermöglichen und auch zum sozialen Zusammenhalt beitragen. In diesem Kompendium werden politische Erkenntnisse anhand einer Analyse von 20 Initiativen aus verschiedenen Ländern der Europäischen Union hergeleitet. Dabei werden mehrere Politikbereiche behandelt, wie zum Beispiel rechtliche Rahmen, Finanzierung, Marktzugang und Unterstützungsstrukturen, sowie Bildung und Kompetenzen.
Les entreprises sociales sont depuis longtemps des agents de croissance inclusive et de démocratisation de la sphère économique et sociale et elles ont toujours prouvé leur résilience face aux difficultés économiques en relevant les défis socio-économiques de manière innovante, en réintégrant les individus dans le marché du travail et en contribuant à la cohésion sociale en général. Le présent recueil tire les leçons des politiques d’aide au développement des entreprises sociales à partir de l’analyse de 20 initiatives menées dans plusieurs pays membres de l’UE, couvrant tout un éventail de domaines d’action politique allant des cadres juridiques au financement, en passant par l’accès au marché, et de structures de soutien, jusqu’aux questions de formation et de compétences.
Les précédents travaux de l’OCDE et de l’UE ont montré que même les enfants nés dans le pays d’accueil de parents immigrés sont soumis à des désavantages persistants au sein du système éducatif, pendant la transition vers l’emploi, ainsi que sur le marché du travail. À quel point ces inégalités sont-elles liées à leurs origines migratoires, c’est-à-dire aux problèmes auxquels leurs parents ont dû faire face par le passé ? Grâce à un travail de comparaisons internationales, cette publication apporte de nouvelles perspectives sur la question complexe de la transmission intergénérationnelle des désavantages touchant les enfants d’immigrés.
Previous OECD and EU work has shown that even native-born children with immigrant parents face persistent disadvantage in the education system, the school-to-work transition, and the labour market. To which degree are these linked with their immigration background, i.e. with the issues faced by their parents? This publication includes cross-country comparative work and provides new insights on the complex issue of the intergenerational transmission of disadvantage for native-born children of immigrants.
This report identifies effective strategies to tackle skills imbalances in Italy. It provides an assessment of practices and policies in the following areas: the collection and use of information on skill needs to foster a better alignment of skills acquisitions with labour market needs; the design of education and training systems and their responsiveness to changing skill needs; the re-training of unemployed individuals; and the improvement of skills use and skills matching in the labour market. The assessment is based on country visits, desk research and data analysis conducted by the OECD Secretariat.
This report identifies effective strategies to tackle skills imbalances, based on five country-specific policy notes for France, Italy, Spain, South Africa and the United Kingdom. It provides a comparative assessment of practices and policies in the following areas: the collection and use of information on skill needs to foster a better alignment of skills acquisitions with labour market needs; the design of education and training systems and their responsiveness to changing skill needs; the re-training of unemployed individuals; and the improvement of skills use and skills matching in the labour market. The assessment is based on country visits, desk research and data analysis conducted by the OECD secretariat in the five countries reviewed. Examples of good practice from other countries are also discussed.
The Missing Entrepreneurs 2017 is the fourth edition in a series of publications that examine how public policies at national, regional and local levels can support job creation, economic growth and social inclusion by overcoming obstacles to business start-ups and self-employment by people from disadvantaged or under-represented groups in entrepreneurship. It shows that there is substantial potential to combat unemployment and increase labour market participation by facilitating business creation in populations such as women, youth, the unemployed, and migrants. However, the specific problems they face need to be recognised and addressed with effective and efficient policy measures.
This edition contains in-depth policy discussion chapters on the quality of self-employment, including new forms of self-employment such as dependent and false self-employment, and the potential of self-employment as an adjustment mechanism in major firm restructuring and job shedding. Each thematic chapter discusses current policy issues and challenges, and makes recommendations for policy makers. A data section provides a range of information on self-employment and business creation rates, barriers and key characteristics of businesses operated by social group. Finally, country profiles highlight recent trends in inclusive entrepreneurship, key policy challenges and recent policy actions in each of the 28 EU Member States.
Skills are central to Korea’s future prosperity and the well-being of its people. The OECD Skills Strategy Diagnostic Report: Korea identifies 12 skills challenges that need to be addressed to build a more effective skills system in Korea. These challenges were identified through: 1) the OECD’s recent data and research; 2) the national data and research; 3) a diagnostic workshop 4) fact-finding interviews with key stakeholders in Korea. The report has also benefited from ongoing dialogue and consultation with a wide range of Korean stakeholders. The first nine challenges refer to specific outcomes across the three pillars of developing, activating and using skills. The next three challenges refer to the “enabling” conditions that strengthen the overall skills system. Success in tackling these skills challenges will boost performance across the whole skills system. All of the challenges identified are strongly interlinked, and their connections with each other are identified throughout the report. Failure to look beyond policy silos will have implications for specific groups in Korea, such as youth, as well as for the economy and society’s ability to recover following the economic crisis and build a solid foundation for future prosperity.
Skills are central to Mexico’s future prosperity and the well-being of its people. Improving opportunities for all Mexicans to develop high quality and relevant skills and supporting employers to improve their human resources management can help Mexico to raise productivity levels and, by extension, the incentives for employers to hire individuals in the formal sector. Fostering better and more equitable skills outcomes, especially for women and youth, will also provide the foundation for building a healthier, more equitable, and more cohesive society.
The OECD Skills Strategy Diagnostic Report: Mexico sets out eight skills challenges for Mexico. These challenges were identified through two interactive workshops with stakeholders, bilateral meetings, internal discussions with experts at the OECD, and analysis of documents and data produced by the OECD and other organisations. The first six challenges refer to specific outcomes across the three pillars of developing, activating and using skills. The next two challenges refer to the “enabling” conditions that strengthen the overall skills system. Success in tackling these skills challenges will boost performance across the whole skills system.
Skills will be fundamental to Slovenia’s success in achieving its ambitious vision for the future – a society in which people learn for and through life, are innovative, trust one another, enjoy a high quality of life and embrace their unique identity and culture. Slovenia’s success in achieving its vision will depend to a great extent on how well it develops, activates and uses people’s skills.
The OECD Skills Strategy Diagnostic Report: Slovenia identifies a number of overarching priority areas for action. These were identified by analysing common themes that emerged from stakeholder perspectives on the most important challenges facing Slovenia in this domain, and also through the OECD’s analysis of the nine challenges identified and examined in the report. The three priority areas for action identified are: 1) empowering active citizens with the right skills for the future; 2) building a culture of lifelong learning; and 3) working together to strengthen skills.
The Netherlands today is prosperous, but its future success is not assured. The Netherlands owes its success in no small part to actions it has taken in the past to develop a highly skilled population. Given the profound economic and social transformation that the Netherlands is currently undergoing, skills will be even more important for success in the future. The Dutch education system and the skills of the Dutch population are strong overall. Therefore many of the opportunities for further improving the skills outcomes of the Netherlands are to be found in areas of society where the government has more limited influence, such as the workplace and community. As a consequence, achieving the Netherlands’ skills ambitions will require a whole-of-society approach.
The OECD Skills Strategy Diagnostic Report: Netherlands identifies the following three skills priorities for the Netherlands - fostering more equitable skills outcomes, creating skills-intensive workplaces, and promoting a learning culture. These priorities were identified through the analysis of common themes that emerged from stakeholder perspectives on the most important skills challenges facing the Netherlands, and through the OECD’s analysis of the nine skills challenges identified and examined in the report.
This publication presents an internationally agreed set of guidelines for producing more comparable statistics on the quality of the working environment, a concept that encompasses all the non-pecuniary aspects of one's job, and is one of the three dimensions of the OECD Job Quality framework. These Guidelines take stock of current data availability in this field, review the analytic and policy uses of these measures, proposes a conceptual framework based on 6 dimensions and 17 characteristics (ranging from physical risk factors and work intensity, through to task discretion, autonomy and opportunities for self-realisation), assesses the statistical quality of measures in this field, and provides guidance to data producers and users on methodological challenges in this field. These Guidelines also include a number of prototype surveys modules that national and international agencies could use in their surveys.
These Guidelines have been produced as part of the OECD Better Life Initiative, a pioneering project launched in 2011 with the objective of measuring society's conditions across 11 dimensions of people's well-being. They follow on from similar measurement guidelines on subjective well-being, micro statistics on household wealth, integrated analysis of the distribution on household income, consumption and wealth, as well as trust.
With some 200 indicators, the 2017 edition of the OECD Science, Technology and Industry (STI) Scoreboard shows how the digital transformation affects science, innovation, the economy, and the way people work and live. It aims to help governments design more effective science, innovation and industry policies in the fast-changing digital era.
The charts and underlying data in this publication are available for download and over half the indicators contain additional data expanding the time and/or country coverage of the print edition.
As coastal area on the Baltic Sea in north-central Poland, Pomorskie faces unique challenges and opportunities associated with the transition to a green economy, a diversified economy, growing population and significant natural resources. This report focuses on the sustainable development of the oceans and coastlines surrounding the region, known as the blue economy.
Based on an OECD survey designed to capture the needs and perceptions of local employers (mostly of small- and medium-sized enterprises [SME]), this report analyses the specific skills needed to support green growth in Pomorskie, and how related labour market and training programmes can be made more effective in supporting the transition to a low-carbon economy.
Cette étude a pour objectif d’analyser les politiques publiques françaises en matière de recrutement de main-d’oeuvre immigrée depuis l’étranger et d'évaluer dans quelle mesure la migration économique répond aux besoins du marché du travail. L'immigration professionnelle étant de faible ampleur en France, une attention particulière est également portée aux changements de statut, notamment d’anciens étudiants, ainsi qu'aux régularisations pour motif économique, dont la persistance pourrait témoigner de besoins de main-d'oeuvre non satisfaits. Le fonctionnement des dispositifs actuels d'immigration professionnelle en France – permanente, temporaire et saisonnière – est examiné, en particulier l'efficacité des tests du marché du travail et des listes de métiers en tension. Le nouveau dispositif pour l'immigration qualifiée, le passeport talent, est également analysé pour évaluer sa capacité à remédier aux écueils légaux et opérationels identifiés dans l'étude et à renforcer l'attractivité de la France pour les talents étrangers.
This report identifies effective strategies to tackle skills imbalances in the United Kingdom. It provides an assessment of practices and policies in the following areas: the collection and use of information on skill needs to foster a better alignment between skills acquisition and labour market needs; education and training policies targeting skills development and investment for individuals and employers; job creation policies to develop skills through on-the-job learning; and policies facilitating the entry of migrants with skills that are in demand. The assessment is based on country visits, desk research and data analysis conducted by the OECD secretariat.
L’édition 2017 des Perspectives de l’emploi de l'OCDE examine l’évolution récente et les perspectives à court terme des marchés du travail des pays de l'OCDE. Le chapitre 1 présente un tableau de bord comparant les performances des marchés du travail, à la fois sur le plan de la quantité et de la qualité des emplois et sur celui de l’inclusivité. Les dix dernières années ont été marquées, dans la plupart des pays, par une meilleure insertion des femmes et des groupes potentiellement défavorisés sur le marché du travail, ainsi que par une amélioration de la qualité de l’environnement de travail, tandis que la qualité des revenus d’activité est restée plus ou moins stable et que la précarité s’est accentuée. Le chapitre 2 porte sur la résilience des marchés du travail face à la crise économique mondiale et montre comment les réformes structurelles et les politiques d’expansion budgétaire contribuent à atténuer le coût induit par les chocs globaux négatifs en termes de chômage. D’une manière générale, les pays de l'OCDE ont évité une hausse du chômage structurel, mais ils n’ont pas réussi à échapper à un ralentissement marqué de la croissance des salaires et de la productivité. Le chapitre 3 analyse l’impact des progrès technologiques et de la mondialisation sur les marchés du travail des pays de l'OCDE au cours des vingt dernières années, et met en évidence une corrélation étroite entre la technologie d’une part et la polarisation des emplois et la désindustrialisation d’autre part. Les effets de l’intégration des échanges sont difficiles à déterminer et probablement limités, même si la hausse des importations en provenance de la Chine pèse légèrement sur l’emploi dans l’industrie manufacturière. Le chapitre 4 fournit un tour d’horizon particulièrement complet des mécanismes de négociation collective dans les pays de l'OCDE, qui permet de mieux comprendre les disparités entre les différents systèmes nationaux et leurs conséquences sur les performances économiques des pays.
Ce rapport identifie des stratégies effectives pour s’attaquer aux déséquilibres de compétences en France. Une évaluation des pratiques et des politiques dans les domaines suivants est présentée : la collection et l’utilisation des informations sur les besoins de compétences afin de promouvoir l’acquisition de compétences mieux alignées aux besoins du marché du travail ; des politiques qui stimulent la demande et l’utilisation des compétences ; des politique concernant la formation et l’enseignement général et professionnel ; des politiques permettant aux demandeurs d’emploi de développer les compétences appropriées et liées aux offres d’emploi; des initiatives d’orientation professionnelle ; et des politiques facilitant l’accueil des immigrés possédant les compétences demandées. Cette évaluation est fondée sur des visites pays, la recherche et l’analyse de données exécutées par le secrétariat de l’OCDE.
This report identifies effective strategies to tackle skills imbalances in France. It provides an assessment of practices and policies in the following areas: the collection and use of information on skill needs to foster a better alignment of skills acquisitions with labour market needs; policies stimulating skills demand and skills use; policies related to general and professional education and training; policies to help the unemployed develop the right skills and better match them to jobs; career guidance initiatives; and policies facilitating the entry of migrants with skills that are in demand. The assessment is based on country visits, desk research and data analysis conducted by the OECD secretariat.
This joint OECD-ILO report provides a comparative analysis of case studies focusing on improving skills use in the workplace across eight countries. The examples provide insights into the practical ways in which employers interact with government services and policies at the local level. They highlight the need to build policy coherence across employment, skills, economic development and innovation policies, and underline the importance of ensuring that skills utilisation is built into policy development thinking and implementation.
Skills utilisation concerns the extent to which skills are effectively applied in the workplace to maximise workplace and individual performance. It involves a mix of policies including work organisation, job design, technology adaptation, innovation, employee-employer relations, human resource development practices and business-product market strategies. It is often at the local level that the interface of these factors can best be addressed.