Browse by: "2014"

Der OECD-Beschäftigungsausblick 2014 markiert das zwanzigjährige Bestehen der OECD-Beschäftigungsstrategie und widmet sich neben einer Untersuchung der jüngsten Arbeitsmarktentwicklungen folgenden weiteren Themen: Verdienste/Löhne, Beschäftigungsqualität, Beschäftigung junger Menschen, Arbeitslosigkeit und Arbeitslosenquoten sowie Beschäftigungsformen und Beschäftigungsschutz. Im OECD-Beschäftigungsausblick 2014 werden, ebenso wie in früheren Ausgaben, die jüngsten Arbeitsmarktentwicklungen in OECD-Ländern und Schlüsselpartnervolkswirtschaften untersucht und geeignete Politikmaßnahmen für die Förderung von mehr und besseren Arbeitsplätzen identifiziert.

The report examines the distributional effects of value-added tax (VAT) and excise tax systems in 20 OECD countries, and investigates the effectiveness of reduced VAT rates as a redistributional tool.

Skills are central to Austria’s future prosperity and the well-being of its people. The OECD Skills Strategy Diagnostic Report: Austria identifies 14 skills challenges for Austria. The project and this report build on both the insights from workshops as well as latest international comparative analysis from OECD and national sources. The report provides cases illustrating how other countries have tackled similar challenges, which can be used as input to potential policy options on how to tackle these challenges. The challenges are described under each of the main pillars of the OECD Skills Strategy. The first 11 challenges refer to specific outcomes across the three pillars of developing, activating and using skills. The next three challenges refer to the “enabling” conditions which strengthen the overall skills system. Success in tackling these skills challenges will boost performance across the whole skills system.

Tackling mental ill-health of the working-age population is becoming a key issue for labour market and social policies in OECD countries. OECD governments increasingly recognise that policy has a major role to play in keeping people with mental ill-health in employment or bringing those outside of the labour market back to it, and in preventing mental illness. This report on the Netherlands is the seventh in a series of reports looking at how the broader education, health, social and labour market policy challenges identified in Sick on the Job? Myths and Realities about Mental Health and Work (OECD, 2012) are being tackled in a number of OECD countries.

The Missing Entrepreneurs 2014 is the second edition in a series of annual reports that provide data and policy analysis on inclusive entrepreneurship, and on its barriers, by target social groups across the European Union. Inclusive entrepreneurship involves business start-ups and self-employment activities that contribute to economic growth and social inclusion - notably of youth, women, seniors, immigrants and the unemployed. In addition to inspiring policy practices, this issue contains special thematic chapters on entrepreneurship by ethnic minorities, pro-entrepreneurship welfare support systems and support for entrepreneurship from unemployment.

Norway is characterised by very high levels of migration from within the European Economic Area (EEA) and growing but small scale labour migration from countries outside the EEA. In this context, the challenge for managing discretionary labour migration is to ensure it complements EEA flows. High-skilled workers who come to Norway often leave, even if their employer would like to keep them. Norway has many international students, but most appear to leave at graduation or in the years that follow. The spouses of skilled migrants – usually educated and talented themselves – face challenges in finding employment, and this may cause the whole family to leave. Key industries in smaller population centres wonder how they will source talent in the future. This review examines these aspects of the Norwegian labour migration system. It considers the efficiency of procedures and whether the system is capable of meeting demand. It looks at several policy measures that were implemented and withdrawn, and assesses how these and other mechanisms could be better applied. The characteristics and behaviour of past labour migrants is examined to suggest means of encouraging promising immigrants to remain, and how Norway might attract the specific labour migrants from which it can most benefit in the future.

Vocational education and training (VET) programmes are facing rapid change and intensifying challenges. How can employers and unions be engaged? How can workbased learning be used? How can teachers and trainers be effectively prepared? How should postsecondary programmes be structured? This country report on South Africa looks at these and other questions.

L’édition 2014 des Perspectives de l’emploi de l’OCDE propose un examen approfondi de l’évolution récente du marché du travail et de ses perspectives à court terme dans les pays de l’OCDE. Elle met en lumière les conséquences de la crise sur les revenus, en montrant que les bas salaires n’ont pas été épargnés par un ralentissement sensible de la progression des salaires réels. Si cette progression ralentie peut aider à restaurer la compétitivité et à stimuler l’emploi, ce qui est essentiel pour faire baisser le chômage, la qualité des emplois ainsi créés compte également. La complexité de la notion de qualité des emplois peut être appréhendée à travers trois dimensions : le salaire, la sécurité de l’emploi et la qualité des conditions de travail. Ces trois dimensions sont très variables d’un pays à l’autre, mais il n’est pas nécessaire de sacrifier la qualité au profit de la quantité des emplois : certains pays réussissent bien sur les deux tableaux. L’emploi non régulier peut avoir des effets néfastes sur la qualité, notamment au regard de la sécurité de l’emploi et de la difficulté de passer à un emploi permanent. Il est nécessaire, dans certains pays, de réformer la législation sur la protection de l’emploi afin de réduire les niveaux élevés d’emploi non régulier. Les compétences jouent un rôle déterminant dans la probabilité d’obtenir un emploi de qualité élevée, comme le montre la nouvelle enquête internationale de l'OCDE sur les compétences des adultes. Ce rôle dépend non seulement des compétences déjà acquises par les employés, mais également de la manière dont elles sont mises en œuvre sur le lieu de travail, qui à leur tour est le reflet des institutions et politiques du marché du travail des pays.

Panorama de l’entrepreneuriat, un produit du Programme d’indicateurs de l’entrepreneuriat OCDE-Eurostat (PIE), présente une collection originale d’indicateurs destinés à mesurer l’état de l’entrepreneuriat accompagnée d’explications sur le contexte politique. Cette quatrième édition présente les nouveaux indicateurs à niveau régionale et aussi les statistique sur l'entrepreneuriat social et familial.

With the rising economic importance of human resources and skills, employment and training agencies are now often expected to play a more important role in local strategies to support new creation, facilitate restructuring and increase productivity. The OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Programme has developed an international cross-comparative study examining the contribution of local labour market policy to boosting quality employment and enhancing productivity. In Korea, the review has looked at the range of institutions and bodies involved in employment and skills policies, focusing on local strategies in the Bucheon and Busan regions.

This publication gathers the papers presented at the “OECD-EU dialogue on mobility and international migration: matching economic migration with labour market needs” (Brussels, 24-25 February 2014), a conference jointly organised by the European Commission and the OECD. It provides new evidence on the role that international migration has played in Europe and in selected other OECD countries over the past decade in terms of labour force; educational attainment; and occupational changes. It analyses the availability and use of migrants’ skills based on an in-depth literature review as well as new data analyses for Europe and the United States, Canada and the OECD as a whole, taking advantage of the International Survey of Adult Skills – PIAAC. Finally, several chapters discuss the potential role of international migration in meeting current and future labour market needs in Europe, in the United States and in the European Union. This work shows that although migration can make an important contribution to labour force growth, its role in counterbalancing the effects of population ageing will depend on the capacity of countries to match labour needs to migrants’ characteristics.

How to stimulate growth and support job creation are two critical challenges that countries confront following the global financial crisis. The Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Programme of the OECD has developed international cross-comparative reviews on local job creation policies to examine the contribution of local labour market policy to boosting quality employment. Each country review examines the capacity of employment services and training providers to contribute to a long-term strategy which strengthens the resiliency of the local economy, increases skills levels and job quality. This report looks at the range of institutions and bodies involved in workforce and skills development in two states – California and Michigan. In-depth fieldwork focused on two local Workforce Investment Boards in each state: the Sacramento Employment and Training Agency (SETA); the Northern Rural and Training and Employment Consortium (NoRTEC); the Southeast Michigan Community Alliance (SEMCA); and the Great Lakes Bay Michigan Works. The report concludes with a number of recommendations and actions to promote job creation at the federal, state and local levels.

Cette publication présente de nouvelles illustrations de l’influence des migrations internationales en Europe et dans quelques autres pays de l’OCDE sur la population active ; sur les niveaux d’éducation ; et sur l’évolution de la distribution des professions  au cours de la dernière décennie. Elle analyse les compétences dont disposent les migrants et la façon dont elles sont utilisées sur la base d’une revue approfondie de la littérature ; et présente de nouvelles analyses des données européennes et américaines , canadiennes  et de l’OCDE en général en se basant sur les données de l’Évaluation des compétences des adultes – PIAAC. Enfin, plusieurs chapitres  discutent du rôle que les migrations internationales pourraient jouer pour répondre aux besoins de main-d’oeuvre présents et futurs en Europe, aux États-Unis et dans l’Union européenne. Ces travaux montrent que si les migrations peuvent contribuer de façon importante à l’accroissement de la population active, leur capacité à contrer les effets du vieillissement de la population dépendront de la capacité des pays à mettre en adéquation les besoins en main-d’oeuvre avec les caractéristiques des migrants. Dans ce domaine, des efforts doivent être réalisés pour mieux utiliser les compétences des migrants et adapter les systèmes de gestion des migrations de travail aux besoins des employeurs.

The OECD Employment Outlook 2014 marks the 20th Anniversary of the OECD Jobs Strategy and includes chapters on recent labour market developments with a special section on earnings/wages, job quality, youth employment, unemployment and unemployment rates, and forms of employment and employment protection. As in previous editions, the 2014 OECD Employment Outlook monitors recent labour market developments in OECD countries and Key Partner economies and identifies appropriate policy action to foster more and better jobs.

This report examines recent activation policies in the United Kingdom aimed at moving people back into work. It offers insight into how countries can improve the effectiveness of their employment services and also control spending on benefits. The United Kingdom's policies have helped limit the rise in unemployment during the crisis. It has been at the forefront of reform efforts by OECD countries to transform and modernise policies designed to help the unemployed find work, through major new programmes such as Universal Credit and the Work Programme. Although time is needed for these to gain momentum as well as for a full evaluation of their impact to be carried out, the report identifies a number of areas where consideration should be given to additional measures or adjustments to existing ones.

This fourth edition of Entrepreneurship at a Glance presents an original collection of indicators for measuring the state of entrepreneurship and its determinants, produced by the OECD-Eurostat Entrepreneurship Indicators Programme. The 2014 edition contains new indicators at the regional level, and a thematic chapter on innovation activities by firms of different size.