Browse by: "2015"
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Tehnološka revolucija, ki se je pričela v zadnjih desetletjih 20. stoletja, je vplivala na skoraj vsak vidik življenja v 21. stoletju. Hitrejše in bolj učinkovite transportne in komunikacijske storitve so ljudem, blagu, storitvam in kapitalu omogočile, da se laže premikajo po svetu, kar pelje v globalizacijo gospodarstva. Te družbene in ekonomske preobrazbe so posledično spremenile tudi povpraševanje po spretnostih. S tem ko so proizvodnja in določene naloge, ki zahtevajo le nizko kvalifikacijo, postale vedno bolj avtomatizirane, je upadla potreba po rutinskih kognitivnih in obrtniških spretnostih, medtem ko je povpraševanje po spretnostih v zvezi z obdelavo in izmenjavo informacij ter drugih visoko zahtevnih kognitivnih spretnostih in spretnostih pri medosebnih odnosih v porastu.
Raziskava spretnosti odraslih, ki je izdelek OECD-jevega Programa za mednarodno ocenjevanje kompetenc odraslih (PIAAC), je bila oblikovana tako, da zagotovi vpogled, kakšna je razpoložljivost nekaterih od teh spretnosti v družbi ter kako se jih uporablja na delovnem mestu in doma. Neposredno meri zmožnosti s področja obdelave in izmenjave informacij – besedilne spretnosti, matematične spretnosti in reševanje problemov v tehnološko bogatih okoljih. To poročilo, ki je spremljevalni dokument k OECD Skills Outlook 2013: First Results from the Survey of Adult Skills, opisuje načrt in metodologijo raziskave ter razmerja do drugih mednarodnih ocenjevanj mladih učencev in odraslih.
Vsebina
1. poglavje: Kaj meri Raziskava spretnosti odraslih (PIAAC)
2. poglavje: Osnovni vprašalnik v Raziskavi spretnosti odraslih (PIAAC)
3. poglavje: Metodologija Raziskave spretnosti odraslih (PIAAC) in kakovost podatkov
4. poglavje: Poročanje o rezultatih Raziskave spretnosti odraslih (PIAAC)
5. poglavje: Primerjava Raziskave spretnosti odraslih (PIAAC) z drugimi mednarodnimi raziskavami spretnosti
6. poglavje: Razmerje med Raziskavo spretnosti odraslih (PIAAC) in OECD-jevim Programom za mednarodno
primerjavo dosežkov učencev (PISA)
7. poglavje: Raziskava spretnosti odraslih (PIAAC) in “Ključe kompetence”
8. poglavje: Raziskava spretnosti odraslih (PIAAC) in merjenje čovešega kapitala
Au cours des dix dernières années, de nombreux pays ont conçu des politiques explicites d'internationalisation de leurs systèmes d'enseignement supérieur, reconnaissant les avantages d'une expérience internationale pour préparer les étudiants à une économie en pleine mondialisation, ainsi que les nombreuses opportunités crées par la mobilité transnationale en termes d'innovation, d'amélioration et de développement des capacités dans l'enseignement supérieur et dans l'économie dans son ensemble.
Des cas de fraude et des comportements opportunistes ont cependant montré que ces promesses s’accompagnent de risques pour les étudiants et d’autres acteurs de l'enseignement tertiaire. C'est précisément dans le but d'aider toutes les parties prenantes à minimiser ces risques et à renforcer les dynamiques d'ouverture, de collaboration et de transparence entre les pays que l'UNESCO et l'OCDE ont développé ensemble leurs Lignes directrices pour des prestations de qualité dans l'enseignement supérieur transfontalier.
Analysant dans quelle mesure les acteurs de l'enseignement supérieur se sont conformés à ces lignes directrices en 2014, cet ouvrage intéressera les décideurs, les directeurs d'établissements d'enseignement supérieur et les agences d'assurance qualité, ainsi que les universitaires et autres parties intéressées par l'enseignement supérieur et son internationalisation.
How school systems respond to immigration has an enormous impact on the economic and social well-being of all members of the communities they serve, whether they have an immigrant background or not. Immigrant Students at School: Easing the Journey towards Integration reveals some of the difficulties immigrant students encounter – and some of the contributions they offer – as they settle into their new communities and new schools.
Results from the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) indicate that students with an immigrant background tend to perform worse in school than students without an immigrant background. Several factors are associated with this disparity, including the concentration of disadvantage in the schools immigrant students attend, language barriers and certain school policies, like grade repetition and tracking, that can hinder immigrant students’ progress through school.
But successful integration is measured in more than academic achievement; immigrant students’ well-being and hopes for the future are just as telling. This report examines not only immigrant students’ aspirations and sense of belonging at school, but also recent trends in Europeans’ receptiveness to welcoming immigrants into their own countries – the context that could make all the difference in how well immigrant students integrate into their new communities. The report includes a special section on refugees and education, and an extensive discussion on education policy responses to immigration.
The effective use of school resources is a policy priority across OECD countries. The OECD Reviews of School Resources explore how resources can be governed, distributed, utilised and managed to improve the quality, equity and efficiency of school education.
The series considers four types of resources: financial resources, such as public funding of individual schools; human resources, such as teachers, school leaders and education administrators; physical resources, such as location, buildings and equipment; and other resources such as learning time.
This series offers timely policy advice to both governments and the education community. It includes both country reports and thematic studies.
The OECD has initiated PISA for Development (PISA-D) in response to the rising need of developing countries to collect data about their education systems and the capacity of their student bodies. This report aims to compare and contrast approaches regarding the instruments that are used to collect data on (a) component skills and cognitive instruments, (b) contextual frameworks, and (c) the implementation of the different international assessments, as well as approaches to include children who are not at school, and the ways in which data are used. It then seeks to identify assessment practices in these three areas that will be useful for developing countries. This report reviews the major international and regional large-scale educational assessments: large-scale international surveys, school-based surveys and household-based surveys. For each of the issues discussed, there is a description of the prevailing international situation, followed by a consideration of the issue for developing countries and then a description of the relevance of the issue to PISA for Development.
As crianças precisam de um conjunto equilibrado de competências cognitivas e socioemocionais para ser bem-sucedidas na vida moderna. A capacidade de atingir objetivos, de trabalhar eficientemente em grupo e de lidar com as emoções será essencial para enfrentar os desafios do século 21. Enquanto todos reconhecem a importância de competências socioemocionais como perseverança, sociabilidade e autoestima, há insuficiente conscientização sobre o que “funciona” para melhorá-las. Professores e pais não sabem se seus esforços para o desenvolviento dessas competências estão de fato dando resultado nem o que poderia ser feito para aprimorá-las. Políticas e programas planejados para medir e aperfeiçoar competências socioemocionais variam consideravelmente entre países, e mesmo internamente no mesmo país.
Este relatório apresenta a síntese do trabalho analítico da OCDE sobre o papel das competências socioemocionais e propõe estratégias para desenvolvê-las. Analisa, ainda, os efeitos das competências sobre diversos indicadores de bem-estar individual e progresso social, cobrindo aspectos de nossas vidas tão diferentes quanto educação, desempenho no mercado de trabalho, saúde, vida familiar, engajamento cívico e satisfação com a vida. Também discute como legisladores, escolas e famílias facilitam o desenvolvimento de competências socioemocionais mediante programas de intervenção, ensino e criação. Ele não apenas identifica perspectivas promissoras para fomentar as competências socioemocionais, com também mostra que essas competências podem ser mensuradas de forma significativa dentro de limites culturais e linguísticos.
Conteúdo
Sumário executivo
Capítulo 1. O papel da educação e das competências no mundo atual
Capítulo 2. Contextos de aprendizagem, competências e progresso social: uma estrutura conceitual
Capítulo 3. Competências que promovem o sucesso por toda a vida
Capítulo 4. Contextos de aprendizagem que promovem a formação de competências
Capítulo 5. Políticas, práticas e avaliações que ampliam as competências socioemocionais
Capítulo 6. Como fomentar competências socioemocionais?
Education is the key to economic, social and environmental progress, and governments around the world are looking to improve their education systems. The future of education in the 21st century is not simply about reaching more people, but about improving the quality and diversity of educational opportunities. How to best organise and support teaching and learning requires imagination, creativity and innovation.
Open educational resources (OER) are teaching, learning and research materials that make use of tools such as open licensing to permit their free reuse, continuous improvement and repurposing by others for educational purposes. The OER community has grown considerably over the past 10 years and the impact of OER on educational systems has become a pervasive element of educational policy
This report aims to highlight state of the art developments and practices in OER, but also to demonstrate how OER can be a tool for innovation in teaching and learning.
This report provides a systematic review and empirical evidence related to the experiences of middle-income countries and economies participating in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), 2000 to 2015. PISA is a triennial survey that aims to evaluate education systems worldwide by testing the skills and knowledge of 15-year-old students. To date, students representing more than 70 countries and economies have participated in the assessment, including 44 middle-income countries, many of which are developing countries receiving foreign aid. This report provides answers to six important questions about these middle-income countries and their experiences of participating in PISA: What is the extent of developing country participation in PISA and other international learning assessments? Why do these countries join PISA? What are the financial, technical, and cultural challenges for their participation in PISA? What impact has participation had on their national assessment capacity? How have PISA results influenced their national policy discussions? And what does PISA data tell us about education in these countries and the policies and practices that influence student performance?
The findings of this report are being used by the OECD to support its efforts to make PISA more relevant to a wider range of countries, and by the World Bank as part of its on-going dialogue with its client countries regarding participation in international large-scale assessments.
Regards sur l’éducation : Les indicateurs de l’OCDE fait figure de publication de référence sur l’état de l’éducation dans le monde. Elle fournit des données sur les résultats des établissements d’enseignement, l’impact de l’apprentissage dans les différents pays, les ressources financières et humaines investies dans l’éducation, l’accès, la participation et la progression au sein des systèmes d’éducation, et l’environnement d’apprentissage et l’organisation scolaire.
Cette édition 2015 présente des analyses plus détaillées sur la participation à l’éducation de la petite enfance et à l’enseignement tertiaire, mais aussi sur la mobilité éducative et sociale des adultes diplômés de l’enseignement tertiaire de la première génération, les débouchés des nouveaux diplômés sur le marché du travail, et la participation aux activités formelles et/ou non formelles de formation financées par les employeurs. En outre, cette nouvelle édition examine la volonté d’utiliser les technologies de l’information et de la communication pour la résolution de problèmes dans l’enseignement et l’apprentissage, et propose un ensemble d’indicateurs sur l’incidence des compétences sur l’emploi et la rémunération, les différences entre les sexes en matière d’éducation et d’emploi, et les systèmes d’évaluation des enseignants et des chefs d’établissement. Ce rapport couvre l’ensemble des 34 pays membres de l’OCDE, ainsi qu’un certain nombre de pays partenaires (l’Afrique du Sud, l’Arabie saoudite, l’Argentine, le Brésil, la Chine, la Colombie, la Fédération de Russie, l’Inde, l’Indonésie, la Lettonie, et pour la première fois, le Costa Rica et la Lituanie).
Les fichiers ExcelTM qui ont servi à établir les tableaux et graphiques de Regards sur l’éducation sont disponibles via les liens StatLinks fournis tout au long de la publication.
Education at a Glance: OECD Indicators is the authoritative source for accurate information on the state of education around the world. It provides data on the output of educational institutions; the impact of learning across countries; the financial and human resources invested in education; access, participation and progression in education; and the learning environment and organisation of schools.
The 2015 edition introduces more detailed analysis of participation in early childhood and tertiary levels of education. The report also examines first generation tertiary-educated adults’ educational and social mobility, labour market outcomes for recent graduates, and participation in employer-sponsored formal and/or non-formal education. Readiness to use information and communication technology for problem solving in teaching and learning is also examined. The publication provides indicators on the impact of skills on employment and earnings, gender differences in education and employment, and teacher and school leader appraisal systems. For the first time, this edition includes highlights of each indicator inside the book. The report covers all 34 OECD countries and a number of partner countries (Argentina, Brazil, China, Colombia, India, Indonesia, Latvia, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia and South Africa, and for the first time, Costa Rica and Lithuania).
The Excel™ spreadsheets used to create the tables and charts in Education at a Glance are available via the StatLinks provided throughout the publication.
Bildung auf einen Blick 2015 – OECD-Indikatoren ist die maßgebliche Quelle für Informationen zum Stand der Bildung weltweit. Bildung auf einen Blick bietet Daten zu den Strukturen, der Finanzierung und der Leistungsfähigkeit der Bildungssysteme der 34 OECD-Länder sowie einer Reihe von Partnerländern.
Mit mehr als 100 Abbildungen und 150 Tabellen und Links zu weiteren 150 Tabellen im Internet bietet Bildung auf einen Blick 2015 wesentliche Informationen zum Output der Bildungseinrichtungen, den Auswirkungen des Lernens in den einzelnen Ländern, zu den in Bildung investierten Finanz- und Humanressourcen, zu Bildungszugang, Bildungsbeteiligung und Bildungsverlauf sowie zum Lernumfeld und der Organisation von Schulen.
In the past decade, many countries have designed explicit internationalisation policies for their higher education systems, acknowledging the benefits of international exposure to prepare students for a globalising economy as well as the many opportunities of cross-border mobility for innovation, improvement and capacity development in higher education and in the economy.
Cases of fraud and opportunistic behaviour have shown that these promises come with risks for students and other tertiary education stakeholders though. It is precisely to help all stakeholders to minimise these risks and strengthen the dynamics of openness, collaboration and transparency across countries that UNESCO and OECD jointly developed the Guidelines for Quality Provision in Cross-Border Higher Education.
This book monitors the extent to which tertiary education stakeholders complied with the Guidelines in 2014. It will be of interest to policy makers, leaders of tertiary education institutions and quality assurance agencies, as well as to academics and other parties interested in higher education and its internationalisation.
Les travaux de recherche montrent qu’en matière d’éducation et d’accueil des jeunes enfants, c’est la qualité qui prime. Les pays sont de plus en plus nombreux à mettre en place des mécanismes de suivi pour veiller à la qualité et à la transparence de ces programmes. Cette nouvelle publication examine comment les pays peuvent mettre au point et exploiter de tels mécanismes pour améliorer la qualité des services et du personnel dans l’intérêt du développement de l’enfant. Elle dresse un tableau international de la situation et fournit des exemples concrets pour aider les responsables de l’élaboration des politiques, les spécialistes du suivi et les professionnels de l’éducation à définir leurs propres pratiques et stratégies de suivi.
Research suggests that, when it comes to early childhood education and care, quality matters most. A growing number of countries are establishing monitoring systems to ensure quality and accountability in these programmes. This new publication explores how countries can develop and use these systems to enhance service and staff quality for the benefit of child development. It offers an international perspective and concrete examples to help policy makers, monitoring experts and practitioners in the field develop their own monitoring policies and practices.
The effective use of school resources is a policy priority across OECD countries. The OECD Reviews of School Resources explore how resources can be governed, distributed, utilised and managed to improve the quality, equity and efficiency of school education.
The series considers four types of resources: financial resources, such as public funding of individual schools; human resources, such as teachers, school leaders, education administrators; physical resources, such as location, buildings and equipment, and other resources such as learning time.
This series will offer timely policy advice to both governments and the education community. It will include both country reports and thematic studies.
What does redesigning schools and schooling through innovation mean in practice? How might it be brought about? These questions have inspired an influential international reflection on “Innovative Learning Environments” (ILE) led by the OECD. This reflection has already resulted in publications on core design principles and frameworks and on learning leadership. Now the focus extends from exceptional examples towards wider initiatives and system transformation. The report draws as core material on analyses of initiatives specially submitted by some 25 countries, regions and networks. It describes common strengths around a series of Cs: Culture change, Clarifying focus, Capacity creation, Collaboration & Co-operation, Communication technologies & platforms, and Change agents. It suggests that growing innovative learning at scale needs approaches rooted in the complexity of 21st century society and “learning eco-systems”. It argues that a flourishing middle level of change around networks and learning communities provides the platform on which broader transformation can be built.
This report is not a compendium of “best practices” but a succinct analysis presenting original concepts and approaches, illustrated by concrete cases from around the world. It will be especially useful for those designing, researching or engaging in educational change, whether in schools, policy, communities or wider networks.
“The OECD’s ILE work has mobilised and generated profoundly important knowledge about the nature of learning and opened understandings of learning environments within and beyond school. The ILE Framework has already proved to be an invaluable tool for the emerging future of learning leadership and systems development.”
Professor Michael Schratz, Dean, School of Education, University of Innsbruck, Austria; President of the International Congress for School Effectiveness and Improvement (ICSEI)
“Innovation and creativity are the lifeblood of learning. Schooling Redesigned summarises beautifully one of the OECD's most fascinating projects - an attempt to look at the DNA of innovation in schools. Using a global range of actual examples it describes the conditions that education systems have to create if children and their parents, teachers and communities are to feel confident and optimistic about the future. For teachers, the messages are inspiring. Education systems have to focus on enhancing teachers' capacity and motivation. Standardisation cannot do that. Its messages to the profession and its organisations are profound. Teacher unions are, can and should be at the centre of creating the conditions for innovation.”
John Bangs, Special consultant at Education International; Chair of TUAC’s international group on Education, Training and Employment Policy
Spain’s economy is showing clear signs of recovery, after a protracted recession. Despite these positive developments significant challenges remain. Spain has amongst the highest unemployment rates in the OECD and the Spanish economy was still smaller in 2014 than it was in 2007. While the future is by definition uncertain, all signs point to a world in which higher levels of skills will be increasingly critical for people’s success in the economy and society. Skills improvements are an important driver of employment, productivity, economic growth, and higher living standards. Fostering better and more equitable skills outcomes also provides the foundation for building a healthier, more equitable, and more cohesive society.
The OECD Skills Strategy Diagnostic Report: Spain identifies 12 skills challenges for Spain. These challenges were identified through workshops with national and regional governments and stakeholders and through analysis of OECD, European Commission and national data. The first eight challenges refer to specific outcomes across the three pillars of developing, activating and using skills. The next four challenges refer to the “enabling” conditions that strengthen the overall skills system. Success in tackling these skills challenges will boost performance across the whole skills system.
Are there computers in the classroom? Does it matter? Students, Computers and Learning: Making the Connection examines how students’ access to and use of information and communication technology (ICT) devices has evolved in recent years, and explores how education systems and schools are integrating ICT into students’ learning experiences. Based on results from PISA 2012, the report discusses differences in access to and use of ICT – what are collectively known as the “digital divide” – that are related to students’ socio-economic status, gender, geographic location, and the school a child attends. The report highlights the importance of bolstering students’ ability to navigate through digital texts. It also examines the relationship among computer access in schools, computer use in classrooms, and performance in the PISA assessment. As the report makes clear, all students first need to be equipped with basic literacy and numeracy skills so that they can participate fully in the hyper-connected, digitised societies of the 21st century.
Le Programme international de l’OCDE pour le suivi des acquis des élèves (PISA) analyse non seulement les savoirs des élèves en mathématiques, en compréhension de l’écrit et en sciences, mais également leur savoir-faire. Vous avez entre les mains l’un des six volumes qui présentent les résultats de l’enquête PISA 2012, la cinquième édition de cette évaluation triennale. Le volume VI, Les élèves et l’argent : Les compétences en culture financière au XXIe siècle, examine l’expérience et les connaissances des élèves en matière d’argent.
Le Programme international de l’OCDE pour le suivi des acquis des élèves (PISA) analyse non seulement les savoirs des élèves en mathématiques, en compréhension de l’écrit et en sciences, mais également leur savoir-faire. Vous avez entre les mains l’un des six volumes qui présentent les résultats de l’enquête PISA 2012, la cinquième édition de cette évaluation triennale.