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These case studies complement the 2018 Development Co-operation Report: Joining forces to leave no one behind. Case study contributors share knowledge and lessons on what it takes to answer the pledge of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development to leave no one behind through national and sub-national policies, strategies and programmes as well as international development co-operation projects, programmes and partnerships. The insights, good practices and lessons shared in these case studies were provided by diverse actors. These include official development co-operation ministries and agencies from members of the OECD and the Development Assistance Committee, international organisations, developing country governments, civil society organisations, business, and research bodies.
The case studies highlight experiences from projects and programmes in leaving no one behind and reaching the furthest behind. They are organised and presented under two broad categories:
1. Reaching and including people and places;
2. The enabling role of international co-operation: policies, partnerships and data.
The study draws extensively on Chinese government and other sources to provide a detailed and up-to-date picture of the current state of China's public expenditure policies, the main reforms that are being undertaken, and the problems that remain to be resolved. Topics covered: key characteristics of China's budget and recent trends; the allocation of spending; the uneven pattern of fiscal decentralisation; gaps between expenditure needs and fiscal resources for local governments and their consequences.
At a moment when many countries of the MENA region are looking to accelerate economic growth and build more stable, open societies, this report argues that greater women’s economic empowerment holds one of the keys. It asserts that despite challenges some countries are facing in guaranteeing women equal access to economic opportunity, progress is underway and can be further nurtured through targeted, inclusive and coordinated policy actions. Building on the conclusions of a first monitoring report released in 2017, the report analyses recent legislative, policy and institutional reforms in support of women’s economic empowerment in Egypt, Jordan, Morocco and Tunisia and seeks to identify success factors that have helped anchor reform. Moreover, it delivers actionable examples and practical tools for policy makers to help them transform policies into effective actions for women’s economic empowerment.
Backed by strong economic growth Chile has made substantial progress in improving the quality of life of its citizens. Nonetheless, gaps in living standards vis-à-vis other OECD countries remain large and there are strong differences in well-being across the Chilean population. The government has introduced important steps to strengthen redistribution and improve equality of opportunities, including ambitious tax, labour and education reforms. But there is room to further improve the design of many policies to promote inclusiveness. Moreover, to sustain progress in well-being, Chile also needs faster productivity growth which stagnated until recently. This requires policies that foster competition, improve human capital accumulation and increase the diversification of the economy that still relies heavily on commodity exports.
This book analyses the domestic policy challenges facing China in the context of trade and investment liberalisation. The entry of China into the WTO marks a new era for its integration into the world economy. Drawing on the experiences of OECD members over the past 50 years, and the Organisation’s extensive work with non-members, this landmark study provides readers with a comprehensive view of the interrelated domestic policy issues at stake and with specific recommendations. It is an essential reference book for policy makers, governments, international organisations and researchers.
This publication presents a synthesis of the main findings and policy recommendations of China in the World Economy: Domestic Policy Challenges. After more than two decades of progress in market reforms and trade and investment liberalisation, the entry of China into the World Trade Organisation marks a new era for its integration into the world economy. Drawing on the experiences of OECD Members over the past 50 years, and the Organisation’s extensive work with non-Member economies around the world, this publication provides readers with a synthetic view of the interrelated domestic policy issues at stake and with specific recommendations as to actions to be taken.
This book provides an overview of the key challenges faced by China and OECD's main policy recommendations to address them. Drawing on the OECD’s expertise in comparing country experiences and identifying best practices, the book tailors the OECD’s policy advice to the specific and timely priorities of China, focusing on how its government can make reform happen.
This book is unique in its depth of perspective. It uses a comparative approach to explain why China’s role in the world economy has changed so dramatically in the last thousand years. It concludes that China is likely to resume its natural role as the world’s largest economy by the year 2015, thus regaining the position it had held until the end of the nineteenth century.
The study provides a major reassessment of the scale and scope of China’s resurgence over the past half century, employing quantitative measurement techniques which are standard practice in OECD countries, but which have not hitherto been available for China.
Written by the author of many studies on comparative economic history, including two best sellers for the OECD Development Centre, this book is essential reading for all those who seek to understand the role of China in the world economy, in the past, as well as in the present and the future.
The study provides a major reassessment of the scale and scope of China’s resurgence over the past half century, employing quantitative measurement techniques which are standard practice in OECD countries. It uses a comparative approach to explain why China’s role in the world economy has changed so dramatically in the last thousand years. It concludes that China is likely to resume its natural role as the world’s largest economy by the year 2015, thus regaining the position it had held until 1890. A dynamic link (StatLink) is provided for each table and graph, which directs the user to a web page where the corresponding data are available in Excel® format. Except for Appendix A, this edition has been revised and updated and Chapter 4 is completely new.
"..ambitious in scope and packed with facts. Highly recommended."
-Choice
"The book is a must for anyone who wants to understand the past and the future of the Chinese economy."
-Justin Yifu Lin, Founding Director, China Center for Economic Research,
Peking University.
"This second edition is a very impressive and important contribution to a subject that has deep significance for the world economy."
-Professor Lawrence Klein, Nobel Laureate.
"A welcome update to a dazzling essay."
-Nicholas Eberstadt, American Enterprise Institute.
"This review of a millenium of Chinese economic history and its implications for the future of China and the World is a remarkable achievement. A must read for anyone interested in China."
-Dwight H. Perkins, Harvard University.
"A great masterpiece in the field of economic history, the shoulders of a giant on which new generations of scholars from all over the world will stand. We Chinese scholars will benefit as greatly from this second edition as we have from the first."
-Li Bozhong, Professor of History, Tsinghua University, Beijing.
Angus Maddison is Emeritus Professor of Economic Growth and Development at the University of Groningen. He held a number of senior posts at OEEC and OECD between 1953 and 1978, and has been a policy advisor to governments in Brazil, Ghana, Greece, Mexico and Pakistan. He is the author of 20 books on the long run performance of nations, and their interactions within the world economy. He has built up an international network of scholars working in this field. He is a fellow of the British Academy, a member of the American Academy of Arts and Science, and an honorary fellow of Selwyn College, Cambridge.
In recent years, Colombia has made major economic and social advances. Despite this recent progress, Colombia faces significant structural challenges associated with the concentration of economic activity – particularly exports - in a few sectors, low levels of productivity, and high inequality. Embarking on a path towards inclusive growth is vital in the context of successfully eradicating poverty, providing opportunities for its growing middle class and solidifying progress towards lasting peace. The road ahead to high-income status will be demanding and calls for major policy initiatives in areas such as education, innovation, infrastructure and rural development, as embodied in the New Development Plan 2014-2018: Everyone for a new country. Furthermore, the country needs to work towards bolstering government capacities, building strong institutions, and effectively mobilising domestic revenues to facilitate effective implementation of its public policy priorities.
The OECD Recommendation on Children in the Digital Environment provides guidance for governments and other stakeholders on putting in place policies and procedures to empower and protect children in the digital environment. The Recommendation was developed in recognition that the digital environment is a fundamental part of children’s daily lives, and that strong policy frameworks are needed to both protect children from any potential harm, and to help them realise the opportunities that it can bring.
This companion document aims to assist governments and other stakeholders in implementing the Recommendation. It expands upon the context in which the Recommendation was developed, and considers in detail specific aspects of the Recommendation, in particular different stakeholders and their roles (e.g. parents, governments, digital service providers) as well as key underlying concepts such as children’s privacy, digital literacy and child safety by design.
This book explores recent developments in environmental cost-benefit analysis (CBA). This is defined as the application of CBA to projects or policies that have the deliberate aim of environmental improvement or are actions that affect, in some way, the natural environment as an indirect consequence. It builds on the previous OECD book by David Pearce et al. (2006), which took as its starting point that a number of developments in CBA, taken together, altered the way in which many economists would argue CBA should be carried out and that this was particularly so in the context of policies and projects with significant environmental impacts.
It is a primary objective of the current book not only to assess more recent advances in CBA theory but also to identify how specific developments illustrate key thematic narratives with implications for practical use of environmental CBA in policy formulation and appraisal of investment projects.
Perhaps the most significant development is the contribution of climate economics in its response to the challenge of appraising policy actions to mitigate (or adapt to) climate change. Work in this area has increased the focus on how to value costs and benefits that occur far into the future, particularly by showing how conventional procedures for establishing the social discount rate become highly problematic in this intergenerational context and what new approaches might be needed. The contribution of climate economics has also entailed thinking further about uncertainty in CBA, especially where uncertain outcomes might be associated with large (and adverse) impacts.
The review analyses key areas of public governance in Costa Rica and identifies opportunities to improve the performance of the state in order to ensure more effective and efficient service delivery for all citizens. It examines co-ordination at the centre of government, public policy monitoring and evaluation and the use of the budget framework for strategic planning. It also looks at human resource management, integrity policies and public procurement, and multi-level governance. The review provides recommendations to assist the government in strengthening the capacity of the public sector to support social and economic development.
As data become an important resource for the global economy, it is important to strengthen trust to facilitate data sharing domestically and across borders. Significant momentum for related policies in the G7, and G20, has gone hand in hand with a wide range of – often complementary – national and international initiatives and the development of technological and organisational measures. Advancing a common understanding and dialogue among G7 countries and beyond is crucial to support coordinated and coherent progress in policy and regulatory approaches that leverage the full potential of data for global economic and social prosperity. This report takes stock of key policies and initiatives on cross-border data flows to inform and support G7 countries’ engagement on this policy agenda.
La iniciativa Nuevos Enfoques ante los Retos Económicos de la OCDE invitó a los expertos internos y externos de la organización a analizar la teoría de la complejidad como un medio para comprender mejor la naturaleza interconectada de las tendencias y las influencias que conforman nuestro entorno socioeconómico. Sus aportaciones, aquí reunidas, examinan los supuestos, las fortalezas y las deficiencias de los modelos tradicionales, y proponen una manera de construir nuevos modelos que tomen en cuenta factores como la psicología, la historia y la cultura, descuidados por estos modelos. Los autores se centran en la disciplina de la economía como tal, el Sistema financiero y las aplicaciones de la teoría de la complejidad a la formulación de políticas y la gobernanza. Sostienen que se requiere una nueva narrativa que integre las esperanzas, los valores, las actitudes y las conductas de las personas en la
economía, junto con los hechos y los datos que los economistas están más acostumbrados a tratar.
Actualizada de acuerdo con el SCN 2008 y el SEC 2010
Esta segunda edición de Comprendiendo las Cuentas Nacionales brinda una explicación exhaustiva de cómo se compilan las cuentas nacionales. Contiene nuevos datos y nuevos capítulos, corresponde a los nuevos sistemas de cuentas nacionales, SNA 2008 y ESA 2010, y está adaptada a América Latina con capítulos sobre Colombia y Costa Rica. Aborda las cuentas nacionales desde una perspectiva verdaderamente global, con secciones especiales dedicadas a las comparaciones internacionales, la globalización y el bienestar, así como a los sistemas nacionales utilizados en las principales economías de la OCDE, como los Estados Unidos.
Cada capítulo del manual utiliza ejemplos prácticos para explicar los conceptos clave en las cuentas nacionales de forma clara y accesible. Y, cada capítulo concluye con una síntesis de los puntos clave tratados en el capítulo, seguida por los recursos para seguir explorando el tema y una serie de ejercicios para evaluar su conocimiento. Es una guía ideal sobre las cuentas nacionales para estudiantes y otros lectores interesados.
Gracias a un sostenido crecimiento económico, Chile ha logrado avances significativos en la mejora de la calidad de vida de sus ciudadanos. No obstante, sigue habiendo grandes brechas de nivel de vida en comparación con otros países de la OCDE, junto con importantes diferencias de bienestar entre los distintos segmentos de población del país. El gobierno ha introducido medidas importantes para reforzar la redistribución y mejorar la igualdad de oportunidades, entre las que se incluyen ambiciosas reformas fiscales, laborales y educativas. Sin embargo, hay espacio para mejorar aún más el diseño de políticas que promuevan la inclusión. Asimismo, para sostener los avances conseguidos en materia de bienestar, Chile necesita un mayor crecimiento de la productividad, que ha estado estancada hasta hace poco. Para ello, es necesario adoptar políticas que favorezcan la competencia, mejoren la acumulación de capital humano e incrementen la diversificación de la economía, la cual sigue dependiendo en gran medida de la exportación de materias primas.
El comercio internacional afecta el precio y la disponibilidad de casi todo lo que compramos. Interviene también en muchas esferas, entre ellas, los empleos, el medio ambiente y la lucha contra la pobreza. A su vez, el comercio es afectado por diversos factores, desde los recursos naturales hasta la moda. La OCDE es la principal fuente de información, análisis y asesoría sobre política respecto a temas comerciales. A partir de esta amplia experiencia, en Esenciales OCDE: Comercio internacional, se señala que rara vez, por no decir que nunca, se ha logrado o sostenido la prosperidad sin el comercio. Sin embargo, el comercio por sí solo no basta. Para promover el bienestar y resolver los retos planteados por una economía globalizada, se requieren políticas orientadas al empleo, la educación, la salud y otros asuntos.
“La OCDE es una de las fuentes principales de análisis profundo de las cuestiones actuales del comercio. También desempeña un papel al divulgar hábilmente los hallazgos de los escritos menos accesibles sobre el comercio. Esta breve obra es una adición valiosa a dicho esfuerzo y que los responsables de las políticas deberían tener a la mano.”
-Jagdish Bhagwati, Columbia University
ÍNDICE
1. Introducción
2. Cultivo de uvas en Escocia
3. Estado del comercio mundial
4. ¿Proteccionismo? Aranceles y otras barreras al comercio
5. Rondas de negociaciones de comercio y la Organización Mundial del Comercio
6. Comercio y empleo
7. Comercio y el medio ambiente
8. Comercio y desarrollo
9. Comercio y crecimiento
10. Comercio e innovación
11. ¿Qué gano yo con esto?
Bibliografía
En los últimos años, Colombia ha hecho importantes avances en el campo económico y social. Sin embargo, se enfrenta también a significativos desafíos estructurales asociados a una productividad insuficiente, a elevados índices de desigualdad y a la concentración de la actividad económica - en particular de las exportaciones - en unos pocos sectores. Cuando el objetivo es erradicar la pobreza, ofrecer oportunidades a una creciente clase media y consolidar el progreso hacia una paz duradera, es fundamental embarcarse en el crecimiento inclusivo. Pero el camino hacía el estatus de una economía de alto ingreso no es fácil: exige cambios importantes en áreas como educación, innovación, infraestructuras y desarrollo rural, como se prevé en el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2014-2018: Todos por un nuevo país. Adicionalmente, Colombia debe encontrar la manera de reforzar la capacidad del Gobierno, construyendo instituciones fuertes y movilizando los ingresos nacionales como es debido para que las prioridades de su política pública se hagan realidad.