Atlas of Gender and Development
How Social Norms Affect Gender Equality in non-OECD Countries
Illustrated with graphics and maps, the Atlas of Gender and Development gives readers a unique insight into the impact of social institutions − traditions, social norms and cultural practices − on gender equality in 124 non-OECD countries.
Gender inequality holds back not just women but the economic and social development of entire societies. Overcoming discrimination is important in the fight against poverty in developing countries and for the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. Tackling these inequalities is not easy: in many countries, discrimination against women is deeply rooted in social institutions such as the family and the law. These long-lasting codes of conduct, norms, traditions, and informal and formal laws determine gender outcomes in education, health, political representation and labour markets.
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Turkmenistan
OECD Development Centre
Article 18 of the Constitution of Turkmenistan upholds the principle of equality between men and women and prohibits all forms of discrimination. The authorities consider the country’s legislative and regulatory frameworks to be free of discriminatory provisions, yet Turkmenistan is an authoritarian state that often stands accused of obstructing the rights and freedoms of a large proportion of its population, but various sources report that women’s rights are often severely breached. The Labour Code limits the professional opportunities of women and offers them no protection except in their maternal obligations. Social stereotypes prevail and have become more widespread since the country became independent in 2001. For the most part, the social position of women is defined according to their role as mothers.
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