The Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness placed partner countries’ ownership of policies and programmes at the centre of an international reform agenda to make aid more effective. The subsequent Accra Agenda for Action reflected a broadening and deepening of international commitments in this area, considering in greater detail the role of a range of development actors going beyond the state. Has partner country leadership over development policies and strategies improved since 2005? To what extent has the quality of national development strategies improved, and are local governments, parliaments and civil society organisations more involved in policy processes in developing countries? Are efforts being made to promote demand-driven capacity development, and are issues of gender equality better addressed through development policies and strategies? This chapter draws on a range of evidence, including the results of the 2011 Survey on Monitoring the Paris Declaration, to answer these important questions.