Combining information about the extent to which school and classroom practices have changed provides important insights into the extent and focus of innovation within education in different education systems. An education system may be widely innovative, changing many practices at different levels and across subjects, or it may focus on certain aspects more than others. A focus on school change rather than classroom change may indicate innovations designed to improve whole school results, whilst those education systems with more innovation at 8th grade than 4th grade may be seeking innovations that improve higher education options and labour market opportunities for students. Innovation activities that focus on one subject over another may be designed to address identified weaknesses or to build on perceived strengths within the wider economy, for example.