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In the 1990s, science systems in nearly all OECD countries experienced increasing pressures for change. These pressures reflect new challenges that go beyond the important issue of ensuring sustained funding for the research enterprise as a whole and should be addressed within the broader perspective of the governance of science systems, which encompasses wider concerns related to the decision-making processes governing priority setting, the allocation of funds to the public research sector, the management of research institutions and the assessment of their performance in terms of contribution to knowledge creation, economic growth and responses to societal needs...
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This chapter describes priority setting as a strategic process to increase the return on public investments in research. It shows that governments use various institutional mechanisms for this: national science and technology plans, (de)centralised advisory bodies, foresight processes and public consultation. It further describes how priorities are reflected in research funding decisions, and how recent reforms reflect the changing balance between topdown and bottom-up approaches....
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