Browse by: "2016"

The mobility and fungibility of money makes it possible for multinational groups to achieve favourable tax results by adjusting the amount of debt in a group entity. The 2015 Report established a common approach which directly links an entity’s net interest deductions to its level of economic activity, based on taxable earnings before interest income and expense, depreciation and amortisation (EBITDA). This approach includes three elements: a fixed ratio rule based on a benchmark net interest/EBITDA ratio; a group ratio rule which allows an entity to deduct more interest expense based on the position of its worldwide group; and targeted rules to address specific risks. Further work on two aspects of the common approach was completed in 2016. The first addressed key elements of the design and operation of the group ratio rule, focusing on the calculation of net third party interest expense, the calculation of group-EBITDA and approaches to address the impact of entities with negative EBITDA. The second identifies features of the banking and insurance sectors which can constrain the ability of groups to engage in BEPS involving interest, together with limits on these constraints, and approaches to deal with risks posed by entities in these sectors where they remain.

En raison de la mobilité et de la fongibilité de l’argent, les groupes multinationaux peuvent aisément obtenir des résultats fiscaux favorables en jouant sur le montant de la dette au sein d’une entité du groupe. Le rapport de 2015 a établi une approche commune qui relie directement les déductions nettes d’une entité au titre d’intérêts à son activité économique, sur la base d’un certain pourcentage de son résultat avant les revenus et charges d'intérêts, l'amortissement et les provisions (EBITDA). Cette approche associe trois éléments : une règle fondée sur un ratio déterminé qui repose sur un ratio de référence intérêts nets/EBITDA ; une règle fondée sur un ratio de groupe qui autorise une entité à déduire plus de charges d’intérêts, en fonction de la position de son groupe mondial ; et des règles ciblées qui traitent des risques spécifiques. Des travaux supplémentaires concernant deux aspects de l'approche commune ont été menés en 2016. Le premier aspect de ces travaux concerne les éléments de la conception et le fonctionnement de la règle fondée sur un ratio de groupe et se concentre sur les méthodes de calcul des charges nettes d’intérêts d’un groupe envers des tierces parties, le calcul de l’EBITDA de groupe et l’impact des entités avec un EBITDA négatif sur le fonctionnement de la règle. Le second aspect de ce travail identifie les caractéristiques des secteurs de la banque et de l'assurance qui peuvent restreindre la capacité de ces groupes à s’engager dans des pratiques de BEPS impliquant des charges d’intérêts, tout en soulignant que ces contraintes ne s’appliquent pas systématiquement. Il identifie également les approches permettant de gérer les risques posés par les entités appartenant à ces secteurs.

Im OECD-Wirtschaftsausblick analysiert die OECD zweimal jährlich die wichtigsten wirtschaftlichen Trends und die Aussichten für die kommenden zwei Jahre. Der Wirtschaftsausblick liefert einen in sich stimmigen Satz von Projektionen zu gesamtwirtschaftlicher Produktion, Beschäftigung, Preisentwicklung, Haushaltssalden und Leistungsbilanzen.
Diese Analysen und Projektionen erstrecken sich auf alle OECD-Mitgliedsländer sowie ausgewählte Nichtmitgliedsländer. Die vorliegende Ausgabe enthält eine allgemeine Beurteilung der Wirtschaftslage, ein Sonderkapitel zum Klimawandel, ein Kapitel mit Zusammenfassungen und entsprechenden Projektionen der Entwicklung in den einzelnen Ländern sowie einen umfassenden Statistischen Anhang.

Cette publication rassemble les statistiques sur les échanges internationaux présentés par pays partenaires pour 31 pays de l’OCDE, l’Union européenne, la zone euro et la Fédération de Russie, ainsi que des liens vers des définitions et des notes méthodologiques. Les données se réfèrent aux échanges entre résidents et non-résidents et sont présentées selon les recommandations du Manuel des statistiques du commerce international des services. Ce volume inclut des tableaux récapitulatifs par pays partenaires et par principales catégories de services. Les séries sont exprimées en dollars des États-Unis et couvrent la période 2011-2015.

This OECD publication provides statistics on international trade in services by partner country for 31 OECD countries plus the European Union, the Euro area and the Russian Federation as well as links to definitions and methodological notes. The data concern trade between residents and non-residents of countries and are reported within the framework of the Manual on Statistics of International Trade in Services. This book includes summary tables of trade patterns listing the main trading partners for each country and by broad service category. Series are shown in US dollars and cover the period 2011-2015.

In un’epoca in cui l’informazione sulla qualità delle cure sanitarie è sempre disponibile, i responsabili delle politiche sanitarie fanno fronte alla sfida di comprendere meglio
le politiche e le strategie che sono all’origine delle cifre riportate. Il presente rapporto sull’Italia è l’ultimo di questa collana dell’OCSE che valuta la qualità delle cure sanitarie
nei diversi Paesi -- se le cure sono sicure, efficaci e se soddisfano le esigenze dei pazienti. Gli Studi dell’OCSE sulla qualità dell’assistenza sanitaria esaminano le iniziative
efficaci e quelle che non lo sono, per comparare al tempo stesso gli sforzi dei Paesi e fornire consigli sulle riforme destinate a migliorare la qualità delle cure sanitarie.
La collana di studi che esamina la qualità dell’assistenza sanitaria per ogni Paese sarà seguita da un rapporto di sintesi finale sulle lezioni tratte dalle buone pratiche in materia di azione pubblica.

This follow-up to the 2001 OECD Territorial Review of Bergamo monitors progress over the past 15 years and reassesses the main development challenges the region faces. Globalisation has intensified international competition in Bergamo’s traditional manufacturing sector, and the global financial crisis has exacerbated some of the structural weaknesses of Bergamo’s traditional industrial sectors. The region needs to upgrade production processes to generate more added value in economic activities to remain competitive. The review offers recommendations to help Bergamo transition to higher value-added and more technologically intensive activities. In particular, it calls for: a development plan supported by all local actors; a strategy for improving the skills of the adult population through education and training programmes; stimulating innovation systems; attracting foreign direct investment; and, finally, strategies for boosting the competitiveness of small and medium-sized enterprises.

Les Perspectives économiques de l’OCDE, publication semestrielle, présentent une analyse des grandes tendances économiques qui marqueront les deux années à venir. Les Perspectives économiques proposent un ensemble cohérent de projections concernant la production, l’emploi, les prix et balances des opérations courantes et budgétaires.
Tous les pays membres de l’OCDE sont examinés ainsi que certains pays non membres. Cette édition comporte une évaluation générale, un chapitre spécial visant à promouvoir la productivité et l'égalité, un chapitre résumant les tendances économiques et fournissant des projections par pays et une annexe statistique.
 

The OECD Economic Outlook  is the OECD's twice-yearly analysis of the major economic trends and prospects for the next two years. The Outlook puts forward a consistent set of projections for output, employment, prices, fiscal and current account balances.
Coverage is provided for all OECD member countries as well as for selected non-member countries. This issue includes a general assessment, a special chapter on promoting productivity and equality, a chapter summarising developments and providing projections for each individual country and a statistical annex.

The OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) conducts periodic reviews of the individual development co-operation efforts of DAC members. The policies and programmes of each member are critically examined approximately once every five years. DAC peer reviews assess the performance of a given member, not just that of its development co-operation agency, and examine both policy and implementation. They take an integrated, system-wide perspective on the development co-operation and humanitarian assistance activities of the member under review.

Costa Rica is one of the first countries to involve the executive, legislative and judicial branches of the state in the design and implementation of its national open government agenda. The OECD Open Government Review of Costa Rica supports the country in its efforts to build a more transparent, participatory, and accountable government as an essential element of its democracy. This review provides an overview of the current national institutions, legal framework, policies and initiatives that underpin the implementation of open government principles, with a focus on policy co-ordination, citizen participation, and open government policies at the local level. It includes a detailed and actionable set of recommendations to help the country achieve its goal of creating an open state.

This report addresses the fundamental challenges that climate change poses to infrastructure owners, who face two major challenges. First, they must ensure continued asset performance under sometimes significantly modified climate conditions that may decrease the present value of their networks or increase maintenance and refurbishment costs. Second, they must build new assets in the context of changing and uncertain climate variables. This creates a risk of over- or under-specification of infrastructure design standards, potentially resulting in non-productive investments or network service degradation. This report investigates strategies that can help transport authorities contain network performance risks inherent in changing patterns of extreme weather.

Job displacement (involuntary job loss due to firm closure or downsizing) affects many workers over the course of their working lives. Displaced workers may face long periods of unemployment and, even when they find new jobs, tend to be paid less than in the jobs they held prior to displacement. Helping displaced workers get back into good jobs quickly should be a key goal of labour market policy. This report is the sixth in a series of reports looking at how this challenge is being tackled in a number of OECD countries. It shows that Denmark has effective policies in place to quickly assist people who are losing their jobs, in terms of both providing good re-employment support and securing adequate income in periods of unemployment. Despite a positive institutional framework, a sound collaboration between social partners and a favourable policy set-up, there is room to improve policies targeted to displaced workers as not every worker in Denmark can benefit from the same amount of support. In particular, workers affected by collective dismissals in larger firms receive faster and better support than those in small firms or involved in small or individual dismissals. Blue-collar workers are also treated less favourably than white-collar workers. More generally, low-skilled and older displaced workers struggle most to re-enter the labour market.

The NEA Expert Group on Fukushima Waste Management and Decommissioning R&D (EGFWMD) was established in 2014 to offer advice to the authorities in Japan on the management of large quantities of on-site waste with complex properties and to share experiences with the international community and NEA member countries on ongoing work at the Fukushima Daiichi site. The group was formed with specialists from around the world who had gained experience in waste management, radiological contamination or decommissioning and waste management R&D after the Three Mile Island and Chernobyl accidents. This report provides technical opinions and ideas from these experts on post-accident waste management and R&D at the Fukushima Daiichi site, as well as information on decommissioning challenges.

Uranium is the raw material used to produce fuel for long-lived nuclear power facilities, necessary for the generation of significant amounts of baseload low-carbon electricity for decades to come. Although a valuable commodity, declining market prices for uranium in recent years, driven by uncertainties concerning evolutions in the use of nuclear power, have led to the postponement of mine development plans in a number of countries and to some questions being raised about future uranium supply. This 26th edition of the “Red Book”, a recognised world reference on uranium jointly prepared by the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), provides analyses and information from 49 producing and consuming countries in order to address these and other questions. The present edition provides the most recent review of world uranium market fundamentals and presents data on global uranium exploration, resources, production and reactor-related requirements. It offers updated information on established uranium production centres and mine development plans, as well as projections of nuclear generating capacity and reactor-related requirements through 2035, in order to address long-term uranium supply and demand issues.

The Jordan Clean Energy Investment Policy Review is a country-specific application of the OECD Policy Guidance for Investment in Clean Energy Infrastructure. It aims to help Jordanian policy makers strengthen the enabling conditions for investment in renewable electricity generation in Jordan. The Policy Guidance is a non-prescriptive tool to help governments identify ways to mobilise private sector investment in clean energy infrastructure, especially in renewable electricity generation. The Policy Guidance was jointly developed by the OECD Working Party on Climate, Investment and Development (WPCID) of the Environment Policy Committee (EPOC) and the OECD Investment Committee, jointly with the Global Relations Secretariat (GRS). It benefited from significant inputs of the World Bank and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The Policy Guidance was annexed to the Communiqué of G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors at their meeting on 10-11 October 2013.

Perspectives on Global Development 2017 presents an overview of the shifting of economic activity to developing countries and examines whether this shift has led to an increase in international migration towards developing countries. The report focuses on the latest data on migration between 1995 and 2015, and uses a new three-way categorisation of countries. It describes the recent evolution of migration overall as well as by groups of countries according to their growth performance.It analyses what drives these trends and also studies the special case of refugees. It examines the impact on migration of migration policies as well as various sectoral policies in developing countries of origin as well as of destination, and studies the impact of migration on these countries. The report also develops four illustrative future scenarios of migration in 2030 and recommends policies that can help improve the benefits of migration for origin and destination countries, as well as for migrants. Better data, more research and evidence-based policy action are needed to prepare for expected increases in the number of migrants from developing countries. More needs to be done to avoid situations that lead to refugee spikes as well as to foster sustainable development.

El trabajo incardinado en esta acción presenta en forma de módulos o bloques funcionales las distintas recomendaciones inherentes al diseño de normas CFC de transparencia fiscal internacional eficaces. Dichas recomendaciones han sido concebidas para garantizar que las jurisdicciones que opten por implementarlas apliquen normas que impidan de manera más efectiva que los contribuyentes trasladen sus rentas u otros rendimientos a filiales situadas en el extranjero. A continuación se enumeran los seis módulos o bloques funcionales para el diseño de normas CFC eficaces que establece el informe: 1) definición de «sociedad extranjera controlada (SEC)»; 2) exenciones aplicables a las SEC y determinación de umbrales impositivos; 3) definición de «rentas SEC»; 4) cómputo de rentas; 5) atribución de rentas, y 6) prevención y eliminación de la doble imposición. Partiendo de que cada país otorga una prioridad distinta a los propios objetivos políticos, las recomendaciones presentes en el informe conciben un cierto grado de flexibilidad de cara a la aplicación de las normas CFC destinadas a luchar contra la erosión de la base imponible y el traslado de beneficios preservando la coherencia de y compatibilidad con los objetivos políticos del sistema tributario al completo, junto con las obligaciones jurídicas a nivel internacional del país en cuestión.