This chapter brings together a number of elements of the IUU study and forms a synthesis of the analysis, present key observations and identifies possible new ways forward in the combat of IUU fishing activities. Firstly, the chapter presents the state of play on IUU fishing by discussing the available evidence on both the evidence of IUU fishing and the actions taken, from regional fisheries management organisations, national authorities and non-governmental organisations. Secondly follows a description of the analytical framework for IUU fishing and the drivers that underpin such activities. Finally, the chapter presents an assessment of how well the actions taken actually impact the economic drivers of IUU fishing and discusses some alternative avenues for the future combat.