This chapter includes a discussion of how policy makers in OECD countries and emerging economies can pursue the global challenge of improving productivity growth sustainability by improving innovation systems and agricultural policies. Developments in agricultural productivity growth and resource use are first presented to outline the issue. The different ways innovation systems, agricultural policy, farm structure and other factors affect agricultural productivity and sustainability are then discussed. Suggestions are made to strengthen innovation systems, and to improve agricultural policies, in order to foster agricultural productivity growth efficiently and sustainably. The need to improve policy coherence is stressed in the conclusion.