Mali
Ces dernières années, le Mali a connu de profondes transformations économiques, sociales et politiques. Compte tenu de l’émigration importante de la population malienne et de la reconnaissance des apports de la diaspora, les autorités maliennes cherchent à mieux connaître ce vivier de talents installé à l’étranger, enclin à s’impliquer dans le développement économique et social de son pays d’origine. Cet examen fournit la première cartographie de la diaspora malienne dans les pays de l’OCDE. En dressant un portrait des émigrés maliens dans les pays de l’OCDE, il vise à renforcer les connaissances sur cette communauté, et ainsi contribuer à consolider la pertinence des politiques déployées par l’État malien envers ses émigrés.
This study examines the geographical and temporal evolution of violence in which pastoralists are engaged. Building upon an analysis of over 36,000 violent events in North and West Africa between January 1997 and April 2020 in which 206 pastoralist groups were involved, this paper provides a regional report on wider patterns of pastoralist violence over the last two decades. Pastoralist violence has both expanded and intensified in the region, as is evidenced by the rapid increase in number of events and fatalities over the past decade. A comprehensive understanding of pastoralists’ roles in this violence is thus crucial to facilitating more effective polices towards sustainable peace.
Cette étude examine l’évolution géographique et temporelle de la violence impliquant les communautés pastorales. Elle s’appuie sur l’analyse de plus de 36 000 évènements violents en Afrique du Nord et de l’Ouest entre janvier 1997 et avril 2020 dans lesquels 206 groupes pastoraux ont été impliqués, pour identifier au niveau régional des schémas plus larges de violence pastorale au cours des deux dernières décennies. Celle-ci s’est intensifiée dans la région, comme en témoigne la forte croissance du nombre d’événements et de victimes cette dernière décennie. Une compréhension plus fine du rôle des pasteurs au regard de cette violence devient cruciale pour des politiques plus efficaces, menant vers une paix durable.
This paper uses network analysis to map and characterise live animal trade in West Africa. Building on a database of 42 251 animal movements collected by the Permanent Inter-State Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel (CILSS) from 2013-17, it describes the structure of regional livestock trade at the network, trade community and market levels. Despite yearly fluctuations in the volumes and spatial patterns of trade, the paper shows that regional livestock trade operates on well-established trade corridors as animals flow in specific directions. The study also confirms that livestock trade is structured around several national and cross-border groups of markets that exchange more animals than expected by chance. Close to two-thirds of all animals are shipped internationally, indicating that regional animal trade in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is remarkably cross-border. Finally, the paper finds that the hub markets that concentrate the most shipments also handle more animals and trade with more markets. Additionally, peripheral markets have more defined roles as primarily origins or destinations of animal shipments than markets in the core of the network. Of the nine key markets identified, three are close to borders, highlighting the importance of Nigeria as a livestock consumption destination for regional livestock production.
The purpose of this paper is to explore the gendered impacts of climate change in the Sahel. In particular, it explores the ways in which gender inequality is a critical factor in understanding vulnerability and resilience efforts concerning climate change. It shows that the current climate crisis is affecting livelihoods throughout the Sahel in pronounced ways. In a region highly dependent upon subsistence agriculture and pastoralist livelihoods, climate variability and environmental degradation have made such livelihoods difficult to sustain, the effects of which have broad ranging impacts on social and economic systems. Consequently, migration, livelihood adaptation, social unrest, and political instability emerge from the ecological challenges the Sahel is facing. Those with the resources to respond to and prepare for future climate events will be better equipped to navigate the climate crisis. Unfortunately, those resources are rarely equally distributed at the household, community, and state levels. In particular, gender inequalities within the Sahel pose a very real challenge for adaptation and resilience strategies as states and global institutions make interventions to support at risk populations. The paper then explores what development and state institutions are doing to resolve gender inequity through climate resilience policy, and where these efforts are falling short. The paper concludes with some strategies to improve opportunities for gender equity and climate resilience based on field research within the Sahel.
L’objectif de cette note est d’analyser l’évolution temporelle et spatiale des violences impliquant les femmes en Afrique de l’Ouest au cours des 20 dernières années. Une première partie montre que le nombre de victimes civiles des conflits ouest-africains dépasse désormais celui attribué aux batailles entre le gouvernement et les groupes armés. Le contrôle de la population civile est désormais devenu l’un des enjeux majeurs des insurrections de la région. Cette évolution conduit à une augmentation des violences faites aux femmes, qui sont souvent les premières victimes des luttes identitaires. Une seconde partie montre que les femmes participent également aux actes de violence, notamment par le biais des attentats-suicides dans le bassin du lac Tchad. Ce phénomène est cependant en forte diminution du fait de la perte de contrôle territorial de Boko Haram depuis le milieu des années 2010. En conclusion, la note souligne la nécessité de mettre en œuvre des stratégies contre-insurrectionnelles qui visent primordialement à protéger les populations, notamment les femmes.
Illicit financial flows (IFFs) in West Africa have long contributed to the region’s instability, partly due to their links to regional terrorist organisations such as Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM). AQIM has directly and indirectly participated in and perpetuated illicit financial flows in the region not only through violent means but also through diverse links with the local economy and society. AQIM and its regional affiliates have a profound influence on the political economy of the Sahel and the Maghreb, as well as greater West Africa, and it is important to understand the role played by AQIM in IFFs and the means by which this drives regional instability. This case study examines the political-economic context and the nature and scope of the mechanisms through which AQIM (and its affiliates) operate, with particular emphasis given to their interaction with the local economy and any resulting IFFs.
Military operations have not prevented the spread of jihadist insurgency in the Sahel, particularly in Mali. While some Sahelian elites favour dialogue with jihadists, hoping to negotiate political settlements that reduce or end violence, past political settlements have sometimes set the stage for future conflict. This paper analyses past settlements with jihadists in Algeria and the Sahel, distinguishing between “stabilising settlements” that remove fighters from the battlefield versus “delaying settlements” that allow jihadists to accumulate resources and recruits. Even stabilising settlements carry downsides, particularly when they push jihadists into neighbouring states. The paper also analyses recent efforts in Mali to conduct dialogue with two leading jihadists, Iyad ag Ghali and Amadou Kouffa. The paper assesses that these efforts have faltered due to logistical problems and the state’s ambivalence, rather than due to ideological factors. Although renewed dialogue is more likely to fail than succeed, the paper recommends making further attempts.
This booklet synthesizes findings from analysis of agricultural policy and performance in three African countries: Cameroon, Ghana and Mali. Case studies of each of these countries were undertaken as part of the Support for African Agriculture Project (SAAP), a project largely financed by the French Ministries of Foreign Affairs and Agriculture and the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). The purpose was to identify constraints to agricultural growth and poverty reduction that might be eased through better policy, both domestically and internationally. Analysis of agricultural performance focused on trends in output, factor use, and productivity. Analysis of agricultural policy featured measurement of domestic and international price distortions as well as the evolution of aid-financed public expenditures on agriculture.
Le rapport ci-après présente une synthèse des conclusions d’études de cas portant sur la politique et les performances agricoles de trois pays africains : le Cameroun, le Ghana et le Mali. Ces trois études ont été conduites dans le cadre du Projet d’Appui à l’Agriculture Africaine (P3A), projet largement permis par le concours financier des ministères français des Affaires étrangères et de l’Agriculture, ainsi que du Fonds international de développement agricole (FIDA). Leur objet consistait à recenser les contraintes freinant la croissance du secteur agricole et la réduction de la pauvreté qu’une meilleure conception de l’action publique pourrait aider à lever tant au niveau national qu’au niveau international. L’analyse des performances agricoles a essentiellement porté sur les tendances de la production, de l’utilisation des facteurs et de la productivité. L’analyse des politiques agricoles a privilégié la mesure de leurs effets de distorsion sur les prix intérieurs et les prix internationaux, ainsi que sur l’évolution des dépenses publiques agricoles financées par l’aide publique au développement.
This paper presents the variety of debt relief measures from which Mali has benefited in recent years. Particular emphasis is placed on the 1988 measures accorded by the Paris Club under the Toronto terms, of which the country was the first beneficiary. This relief, and the adjustment policy which Mali formed with it, were relatively successful. Indeed, they led to a cleansing of public finances marked, before the political events of Spring 1991, by the total removal of both domestic and international arrears. The size of the improvement in the situation thus obtained, however, was reduced by the existence of debts with Paris Club members excluded from the Toronto terms and above all by heavy debts with non-Paris Club members (the ex-USSR, China and Arab countries). Debt held by multilateral institutions which was not eligible for rescheduling also represented a large financial burden. As a result, in a short time ...
Il n’y a pas de définition unique qui capture tous les individus que l’on pourrait qualifier de Maliens résidant à l’étranger. Dans le contexte de l’émigration, les Maliens résidant à l’étranger sont de préférence définis comme des individus nés au Mali et qui résident à l’étranger. L’alternative principale est de les identifier comme étant les individus de nationalité malienne qui résident à l’étranger.
Les émigrés maliens étant établis dans plusieurs pays, les analyses comparatives les concernant nécessitent des données portant sur plusieurs pays. Afin de garantir une comparaison valable des émigrés résidant dans les différents pays, les définitions utilisées et les normes de collecte des données ne doivent pas présenter de différence majeure d’un pays à l’autre.